For lubrication analysis in various power industry systems, PAL Series instruments quantify water levels from 50–5,000 ppm in oils with accuracy of better than 5%. They utilize Fourier Transform Infrared method, which requires no hazardous reagents. In addition to measuring water level, systems immediately yield amount of oxidation and nitration byproducts present as well as amount of antioxidation, antiwear, and extreme pressure additives that remain in lubricant.